Sigfox technology is focused on connecting many low-cost, durable devices that require broad coverage and are moved internationally. Sigfox uses a radio system based on Ultra Narrow Band technology which can also penetrate massive objects. In open terrain, distances of 30 to 50 km can be bridged, in cities between 3 and 10 km. The special thing about this is that  worldwide roaming roaming does not incur current charges.

Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a low-power wireless network protocol and designed for energy efficiency for ranges over 10 km for uplink communication (sending from the terminal device to the network). The data transfer rate ranges from 292 bit/s to 50 kbit/s. Various operating levels up to quasi-continuous downlink communication are possible.

Since NB-IoT uses the existing telecomm-unications network, it offers reliability and optimal coverage. NB-IoT is often used for sensors in remote areas and without  power supply. A high building penetration is achieved with robust and narrowband modulation techniques and redundancy (repeated transmission).

The Global Positioning System is a global navigation satellite system for outdoor position determination. Mostly used for Vehicle Treacking and Fleet Management as GPS tracking devices attached to vehicles in the fleet can emit its current longitude and latitude with some other additional attributes, such as a timestamp.

Ultra-wideband is a short-range radio technology. The accuracy is less than 30 centimeters and is thus significantly higher than that of beacons or WLAN. In addition, the latency time is very low and height differences can be determined precisely. However, the technology is a special solution that requires corresponding components and is therefore predominantly suitable for special industrial applications.

Using RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) and MAC address, an app can calculate the current location of the end device (client-side position determination). The accuracy of Wi-Fi in indoor localization is typically 5-15 meters, as access points whose position has been optimized for data communication are generally used. Other factors like walls also determine accuracy.

Beacons (the most common types are iBeacon and Eddystone) are small wireless radio transmitters that transmit data via Bluetooth Low Energy.  Beacons are available in different forms, they are scalable and very portable. Battery operation over two to eight years without the need for an external power supply are feasible.

Text recognition or optical character recognition (OCR) is a term used in information technology to describe automated text recognition within images. Particularly in logistics, the connection of a camera system to a system for position determination can bring decisive advantages.

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit the identity (e.g. serial number) of an object or person. RFID systems offer a limited range of less than one meter, which is why they are not suitable for area-wide, but rather for point location. RFID is a cost-effective and maintenance-free technology that can both identify and locate.